How do I bypass Remote Management on a Mac after company closure?

No. The prior owner of the computer must remove the profile. The computer is of no value to you until the previous owner removes the profile.

To reinforce what has been posted

The MDM maybe removed, but the Serial Number of this computer is Still Registered with the MDM Service 

Until such time as the Serial Number is removed from the MDM, this computer can be Controlled by them at any time 

Get a new computer, purchased by you.

The Mac never be useful without the supervisory unlock, and we can't help with that and — absent proof of ownership sufficient to convince Apple — Apple won't help unlock it.

If the computer still has value, keep a paper trail of attempts made trying to return the computer lest some bankruptcy auditor or accountant eventually comes looking for it, and then failing reasonable attempts to return it to the owner, recycle it. I'd probably use certified return receipt mail to send a "where do you want this, or do you want to unlock this for me?" to the company address, if the Mac still has value. And would keep the receipt for a few years.

Or if the Mac has been deprecated to ~no value, then recycle it.

Looks like this device is either added in ABM or was enrolled in MDM. As long as you cannot get it removed/released from MDM/ABM you cannot bypass the remote management screen as it will re-enroll back to same management solution each time you reset the device.

If the device is Apple Silicon, there is no way to bypass it, even if you change the SSD. If it is not Apple Silicon, it will likely still force you to enroll.